Skip to main content

Outline

PHIL 202, Modern philosophy, Fall 2026

Readings

Unit 1: Encounter and the modern predicament

Assignments1
DueSeptember 18

Week 1: The new world as epistemic event

On what is “modern.” The shock of difference and the first crisis of universality.

Reading Read Original
Montaigne, “On The Cannibals” 228–236 PDF
Montaigne, “On Coaches” all PDF

Week 2: The Valladolid debate

Attempting to circumscribe the limits of the human.

Reading Read Original
De las Casas, Destruction of the Indies, excerpt 1 1–6 PDF
De Las Casas, Destruction of the Indies, excerpt 2 optional PDF
De Las Casas, Apologetic History all PDF
Sepulveda, Democrates Alter all PDF
Vitoria, De indis optional — 247–251 PDF

Week 3: Method, doubt, and problems of solipsism

The conception of the subject that makes the problem of universality a problem.

Reading Read Original
Descartes, Meditation 1 all PDF
Descartes, Meditation 2 all PDF
Scudery, Knowledge of Others 62–80 PDF

Week 4: Mind across the color line

Subjectivity in a diverse world.

Reading Read Original
Amo, On the Impassivity of the Human Mind 159–169, 173–189 PDF
Cruz, “The Answer” 39–63, 73–97 PDF

Unit 2: Perception, monads, and the birth of “aesthetics”

Assignments1
DueOctober 16

Week 5: Leibniz

Every subject is a windowless monad, but all are expressions of the same pre-established harmony.

Reading Read Original
Leibniz, Principles of Nature and Grace all PDF
Leibniz, Monadology all PDF
Leibniz, Novissima Sinica (preface) optional — 68–71, 74–75 PDF

Week 6: Baumgarten and the founding of aesthetics

The science of “sensitive” (confused, sensory) cognition.

Reading Read Original
Baumgarten, Aesthetica all PDF
Baumgarten, Reflections 37–53, 76–79 PDF
Gregor, “Baumgarten’s Aesthetica” optional PDF

Week 7: Ideas, perception, and property

The mind a receiver of ideas, and a labor theory of property that converts “unimproved” land into potential for empire.

Reading Read Original
Locke, Essay, bk. I all PDF
Locke, Essay, bk. II all PDF
Locke, Essay, bk. III all PDF
Locke, Essay, bk. IV all PDF
Locke, Second Treatise all PDF

Week 8: The standard of taste

The central puzzle of the course: a universal standard of taste derived from particular sentiment.

Reading Read Original
Du Châtelet, Discourse On Happiness all PDF
Hume, “Of the Standard of Taste” all PDF
Hume, “Of Tragedy” all PDF

Unit 3: Taste, beauty, the sublime, and empire

Assignments1
DueNovember 13

Week 9: The standard of taste redux

We consider Hume’s infamous footnote on race against the backdrop of the essay on taste.

Reading Read Original
Gikandi, Slavery and the Culture of Taste all PDF
Hume, “Of National Characters” all PDF

Week 10: The beautiful and the sublime

Terror, obscurity, power: an aesthetics arranged around what overwhelms* the subject.*

Reading Read Original
Burke, Enquiry, prefaces and introduction all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 1 all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 2 all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 3 all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 4 all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 5 all PDF

Week 11: The picturesque

The sublime landscape and the picturesque emerge as ways of owning. Relatedly, Wollstonecraft demolishes Burke’s aesthetic-politics.

Reading Read Original
Gilpin, Observations on the River Wye all PDF
Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Man all PDF
Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman all PDF

Week 12: Kant’s aesthetics

An attempt to earn subjective universality without any hope for pre-established harmony.

Reading Read Original
Kant, Critique of Judgment (“Analytic of the Beautiful”) all PDF
Kant, Critique of Judgment (“Analytic of the Sublime”) all PDF

Unit 4: Universality and its others

Assignments1
DueDecember 1

Week 13: Kant on race

The roots of racial hierarchy in Kant.

Reading Read Original
Bernasconi, Critical Philosophy of Race all PDF
Kant, Physical Geography pt. 2 all PDF
Kant, Physical Geography, pt. 1 all PDF

Week 14: The savage and the critique of civilization

Primitivism romanticizing the “savage.”

Reading Read Original
Rousseau, Discourse on the Origins of Inequality all PDF

Week 15: The Black Atlantic counter-canon

The Haitian Revolution as Enlightenment

Reading Read Original
Cugoano, Thoughts and Sentiments all PDF
Equiano, Interesting Narrative all PDF
Equiano, Letters all PDF
Buck-Morss, Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History optional PDF

Week 16: Hegel and the end of history

Teleology in aesthetics and in empire.

Reading Read Original
Hegel, Aesthetics (“The End of the Romantic Form of Art”) all PDF
Hegel, Aesthetics (introduction) all PDF
Hegel, Reason In History all PDF
Hegel, Aesthetics (“Fantastic Symbolism”) optional PDF
Hegel, Aesthetics (“Symbolism of the Sublime”) optional PDF
Hegel, Philosophy Of History (“India”) optional PDF
Hegel, Philosophy of History (introduction, “Geographical Basis of History”) optional PDF