Outline

PHIL 202, Modern philosophy, Fall 2026

Readings

How is knowledge possible? Here’s a stock answer: It arises out of experience. Now here’s a serious problem: Experiences are particular (singular, individual), but knowledge must be universal (common, general). Experience, it seems, cannot possibly provide a basis for knowledge. Call this the problem of subjective universaity: how a judgment grounded in individual experience can nonetheless claim universal legitimacy.

This course approaches modern philosophy through the lens of this problem with two particular areas of focus: aesthetics and the colonial experience. Aesthetics emerges as a distinctively philosophical discipline in the modern era, shaped by and articulating the problem of subjective universality, which imperialism and colonialism bring urgently to the surface. Indeed, perhaps nothing heightens the problem of subjective universality more than the sudden (and often violent) confrontation of different cultures and people, and perhaps nothing highlights the gap between experience and universality so much as the question of taste that motivates much of aesthetics.

We follow the course of this set of issues from Montaigne to Hegel with regular attention to confrontations between the familiar and the strange, and attempts to negotiate the difference.

Select a reading title to open the reader. Choose Text, Split, or Notes there; the reader remembers your choice. The PDF link opens the original file directly.

Unit 1

Week 1

Reading Assignment Original
Montaigne, “On Coaches” all PDF
Montaigne, “On The Cannibals” all PDF

Week 2

Reading Assignment Original
De Las Casas, Apologetic History all PDF
De las Casas, Destruction of the Indies, excerpt 1 all PDF
De Las Casas, Destruction of the Indies, excerpt 2 all PDF
Sepulveda, Democrates Alter all PDF

Week 3

Reading Assignment Original
Descartes, Meditation 1 all PDF
Descartes, Meditation 2 all PDF
Scudery, Knowledge of Others all PDF

Week 4

Reading Assignment Original
Amo all PDF
Cruz, “The Answer” all PDF

Unit 2

Week 5

Reading Assignment Original
Leibniz, Monadology all PDF
Leibniz, Novissima Sinica (preface) all PDF
Leibniz, Principles of Nature and Grace all PDF

Week 6

Reading Assignment Original
Baumgarten, Aesthetica all PDF
Baumgarten, Reflections all PDF
Gregor, “Baumgarten’s Aesthetica optional PDF

Week 7

Reading Assignment Original
Locke, Essay, bk. I all PDF
Locke, Essay, bk. II all PDF
Locke, Essay, bk. III all PDF
Locke, Essay, bk. IV all PDF
Locke, Second Treatise all PDF

Week 8

Reading Assignment Original
Du Châtelet, Discourse On Happiness all PDF
Hume, “Of the Standard of Taste” all PDF
Hume, “Of Tragedy” all PDF

Unit 3

Week 9

Reading Assignment Original
Gikandi, Slavery and the Culture of Taste all PDF
Hume, “Of National Characters” all PDF

Week 10

Reading Assignment Original
Burke, Enquiry, prefaces and introduction all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 1 all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 2 all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 3 all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 4 all PDF
Burke, Enquiry, pt. 5 all PDF

Week 11

Reading Assignment Original
Gilpin, Observations on the River Wye all PDF
Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Man all PDF
Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman all PDF

Week 12

Reading Assignment Original
Kant, Critique of Judgment (“Analytic of the Beautiful”) all PDF
Kant, Critique of Judgment (“Analytic of the Sublime”) all PDF

Unit 4

Week 13

Reading Assignment Original
Bernasconi, Critical Philosophy of Race all PDF
Kant, Physical Geography pt. 2 all PDF
Kant, Physical Geography, pt. 1 all PDF

Week 14

Reading Assignment Original
Rousseau, Discourse on the Origins of Inequality all PDF

Week 15

Reading Assignment Original
Cugoano, Thoughts and Sentiments all PDF
Equiano, Interesting Narrative all PDF
Equiano, Letters all PDF
Buck-Morss, Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History optional PDF

Week 16: Hegel

EXAMPLE

Reading Assignment Original
Hegel, Aesthetics (“The End of the Romantic Form of Art”) all PDF
Hegel, Aesthetics (introduction) all PDF
Hegel, Reason In History all PDF
Hegel, Aesthetics (“Fantastic Symbolism”) optional PDF
Hegel, Aesthetics (“Symbolism of the Sublime”) optional PDF
Hegel, Philosophy Of History (“India”) optional PDF
Hegel, Philosophy of History (introduction, “Geographical Basis of History”) optional PDF